GIS in Archaeology

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#  GIS in Archaeology

##  01 - Introduction

###  Martin Hinz

####  Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Universität Bern

18/09/24
.footnote[
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based on [Datapolitan-Training/qgis-training](https://github.com/Datapolitan-Training/qgis-training)

You can download a [pdf of this presentation](gis_in_archaeology_01.pdf).
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## aims and objectives

### aim
* Teach skills required for a complete GIS workflow
  * from data acquisition to analysis and cartographic output

### objectives
* Introduction to GIS and fundamental cartography
* Practical work with archaeological (spatial) data
* Spatial analyses
* Creation of "presentable" maps with different levels of information
* Learning the basics for later autonomous work with GIS

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## outcomes
--

+ You will be familiar with the foundational concepts in spatial analysis and mapmaking
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+ You will understand the structure and purpose of GIS
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+ You will be practiced in applying spatial concepts to real-world problems
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+ You will be able to conduct spatial analyses
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+ You will produce decent maps

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## schedule

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|-|-|
| **18/09/24** | Introduction |
| **25/09/24** | *no class* |
| **02/10/24** | Working with QGIS |
| **09/10/24** | Making Maps |
| **16/10/24** | Georeferencing |
| **23/10/24** | Handling Spatial Data |
| **30/10/24** | Densities |
| **06/11/24** | Interpolation |
| **13/11/24** | *no class* |
| **20/11/24** | Making nicer Maps |
| **27/11/24** | Terrain Data |
| **04/12/24** | Least Cost Path Analysis |
| **11/12/24** | Site Catchment Analysis |
| **18/12/24** | Visibility Analysis |
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The programme may change or shift depending on how well we progress.
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## organisational information

* Assessment:
  * active participation
  * homework

* You will need
  * to take part regularily
  * to make the homework
  * some frustration threshold...

If you do your homework at home, than you need a computer with QGIS:
https://qgis.org/de/site/forusers/download.html

All slides and additional (video) Material will be accessible via the course home page
[https://berncodalab.github.io/gia](https://berncodalab.github.io/gia)

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# who are you?

## Please give a short statement about

**What is your name?**

**What is your background in archaeology/computer/GIS?**

**One thing you hope to get out of the course**

*Describe a map you've seen/created/used recently and why it was interesting to you*

*Do you have any advice how we make this a successful seminar?*

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# Why Do We Create Maps?

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#Types of Maps

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#General Reference Maps

+ Show important physical features of an area
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+ Include natural and man-made features
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+ Usually meant to help aid in the navigation or discovery of locations
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+ Usually fairly simple
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+ Can be stylized based on the intended audience (tourists vs locals)

---

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![img-center-90](data:image/png;base64,#images/schweiz_mobil.png)
#####Source: https://map.schweizmobil.ch/
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#Thematic Maps

+ Focuses on a specific theme or subject area
--

+ Features on the map represent the phenomenon being mapped
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+ Spatial features used for reference
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![:width 75%](data:image/png;base64,#images/meteoSchweiz.png)

#####Source: https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/

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## Choropleth

![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/thematic_map_drawn.jpg)

#####Source: Pinterest...

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## Choropleth

![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/median_reineinkommen.gif)

#####Source: http://www.estv2.admin.ch/

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## Choropleth

![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/inequality_schweiz.png)

#####Source: https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/interaktive-karte-so-ungleich-ist-das-einkommen-in-der-schweiz-verteilt

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#Area Cartogram – World Population
![:width 100%](data:image/png;base64,#images/world-map.png)
#####Source: http://www.visualcapitalist.com/

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#Area Cartogram – European Unemployment rate
![:width 70%](data:image/png;base64,#images/pi_12-2015_map1.jpg)
#####Source: http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/

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## Distribution Map
![:width 33%](data:image/png;base64,#images/verbreitungskarte.jpg)

.caption[Source: Steuer 1998]
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## "Cultural" Map

![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/199-0.jpg)
.caption[Terberger et al. 2014]
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## "Genetic" Map

![img-full](data:image/png;base64,#images/Haplogroup-distribution.png)
.caption[Kayser et al. 2005]
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# Basic Map Elements

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## Points  
![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/point_feature.png)
.caption[http://docs.qgis.org/2.8/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/vector_data.html#overview]

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## Lines
![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/polyline_feature.png)
.caption[http://docs.qgis.org/2.8/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/vector_data.html#overview]

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## Polygons
![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/polygon_feature.png)
.caption[http://docs.qgis.org/2.8/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/vector_data.html#overview]
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## Raster
![](data:image/png;base64,#images/raster_types.png)
.caption[https://docs.qgis.org/3.34/en/_images/raster_types.png]

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# How do we make maps?

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## Geographic Information System (GIS)
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> A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. - Wikipedia
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![](data:image/png;base64,#images/8269791489_a6bbd062a9_o.jpg)
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### Or more simply

> In a GIS, you connect _**data**_ with _**geography**_.
[GISgeography.com](http://gisgeography.com/what-gis-geographic-information-systems/)

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## Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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+ Create interactive queries (user-created searches)
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+ Analyze spatial information
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+ Edit data in maps
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+ Present the results of all these operations

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![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/gis_overview.jpg)
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## QGIS

- a free and open source GIS software
- https://www.qgis.org/
- You might like to installed it... ;-)

.center[
![:width 55%](data:image/png;base64,#images/QGIS_2.2_Valmiera_showing_new_menu_design.png)
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![:width 40%](data:image/png;base64,#images/QGIS_logo,_2017.svg.png)
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#Let's Get Started

Getting Data

1. [Click this link](https://github.com/BernCoDALab/gia/raw/main/lectures/01/data/points.zip) and download the file to your desktop
2. Unzip the file
3. [Click this link](https://github.com/BernCoDALab/gia/raw/main/lectures/01/data/background.tiff) and download the other file also to your desktop
3. Open QGIS

![](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_launch.png)

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#QGIS Getting Started
![:width 60%](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_nav1.png)

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# QGIS Getting Started
![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_nav2.png)

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![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_nav3.png)

![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_nav4.png)

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# QGIS Getting Started
![:width 90%](data:image/png;base64,#images/qgis_nav5.png)

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## Styling Features
+ Right-click the layer and select the Properties option
+ Select "Symbology," and style as you like
        
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![:width 50%](data:image/png;base64,#images/styling1.png)
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![:width 100%](data:image/png;base64,#images/styling1.1.png)
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## Add background
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![](data:image/png;base64,#images/background1.png)
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![](data:image/png;base64,#images/background2.png)
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## Add background
![](data:image/png;base64,#images/background3.png)
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# Add labels to data
+ From Properties, select "Labels", "Show labels"
+ Select attribute for label (this time "label")
+ Style as you like

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![](data:image/png;base64,#images/label1.png)
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![](data:image/png;base64,#images/label2.png)
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# What We've Covered
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+ What is GIS
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+ Basic GIS concepts and tools
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+ Adding, styling, and labeling data in QGIS

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# Homework
+ Style the polygons however you'd like
+ Change the outline color or add a pattern
+ Style the labels
+ Change the font, the font size, or other attributes
+ Send me a screenshot

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# Any questions?

![:width 20%](data:image/png;base64,#images/disappointment_cove.png)

.caption[Source: https://www.instagram.com/sadtopographies]

.footnote[
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You might find the course material (including the presentations) at

https://github.com/MartinHinz/gia_hs_2020

You can see the rendered presentations at

http://martinhinz.github.io/gia_hs_2020

You can contact me at

<a href="mailto:martin.hinz@iaw.unibe.ch">martin.hinz@iaw.unibe.ch</a>
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